Author: afridi-angell

New Law Regulating Construction Industry: Six Key Takeaways for Contractors in Dubai

On 8 July 2025, the Ruler of Dubai, HH Mohammed bin Rashid Al Maktoum, issued Law No. 7 of 2025, regulating contracting activities in the Emirate of Dubai (the Law). The construction sector is a key component of Dubai’s economy, and the Law aims to regularise and promote the contracting industry by adopting globally accepted standards and best practices.

 

1. To whom does the Law apply?

 

The Law applies to all contractors operating in the Emirate and to all construction- related contracting activities. Only contracting activities related to airports and their associated infrastructure are specifically exempted. Other activities may be exempted by decision of HH the Chairman of the Executive Council, on the recommendation of a committee to be established under the Law for regulating and developing contracting activities.

 

Importantly, the Law applies throughout the Emirate of Dubai, including free zones and special development zones such as the DIFC.

 

2. Systems of registration, classification, and certification will be introduced

 

– All contractors will need to be licensed and registered in a central register to be maintained by the Dubai Municipality. Employers (whether corporate or individual) will be prohibited from engaging contractors who are not duly licensed and registered.

 

– The Law also provides for the introduction of a classification system based on the specialisation of contractors. Contractors will only be allowed to engage in contracting activities they are permitted to engage in and within the scope of their classification.

 

– Contractors being licensed for the first time in Dubai are to be classified or ranked in the lowest category for the relevant contracting activity or specialisation, though they may be classified in a higher category if they meet the criteria for that category.

 

– Technical staff of contractors engaged in building, construction and demolition activities are required to obtain professional competency certificates issued by the Dubai Municipality. Technical staff are prohibited from performing any contracting activities unless they have obtained the necessary professional competency certificates.

 

– The Law also includes a list of contractor obligations, which includes:

 

a) refraining from using any personnel who are not included in the Dubai Municipality’s register and not holding a professional competency certificate;

 

b) adhering to the limits of their authorised contracting activity and specialisation, and not contracting to perform work which exceeds their financial, technical or administrative capacity, or the number of technical staff and labour available to them; and

 

c) retaining originals of contracts, data, records, documents and plans related to contracts for a period of at least 10 years from the date of issuance of the completion certificate or termination of the contract.

 

3. A competent authority is to be established

 

– A competent authority comprised of the Dubai Municipality and other public bodies with powers to supervise contracting activities in Dubai is to be established.

 

– The competent authority is to be conferred with broad responsibilities and powers, including:

 

a) supervision and control of contracting activities in Dubai;

 

b) approving and updating the classification system for contracting activities;

 

c) determining the standards, conditions and controls for the issuance of professional competency certificates;

 

d) evaluating contractors’ performance; and

 

e) receiving and investigating complaints against contractors and their staff, and taking necessary action against them.

 

4. Controls are to be introduced for delegation and sub-contracting

 

– The Law requires contractors to execute contracted works themselves through their own technical staff.

 

– Delegation or sub-contracting of contracted works will be prohibited except in accordance with the provisions of the Law. Subject to any additional conditions the competent authority may impose, the contractor may sub-contract some of the contracted works provided that:

 

a) the contractor’s contract with the employer does not prevent subcontracting of the works;

 

b) neither the contract nor the competent authority requires the relevant works to be performed solely by the contractor;

 

c) the sub-contractor is permitted to operate in Dubai, holds a valid commercial licence, and, is registered with the Dubai Municipality;

 

d) the work assigned to the sub-contractor aligns with the contracting activities the sub-contractor is permitted to engage in;

 

e) the work to be performed by the sub-contractor is clearly defined; and

 

f) the competent authority is notified of the intention to sub-contract the works, and prior approval is obtained.

 

5. Joint ventures and turnkey projects will be regulated

 

– Formation of unincorporated joint ventures are subject to approval from the competent authority.

 

– The competent authority shall identify projects eligible for turnkey implementation and establish the corresponding regulatory framework.

 

6. What is the deadline for compliance?

 

– The Law comes into force on 15 January 2026, and contractors in the Emirate of Dubai must comply with the requirements of the Law within one year, i.e. by 14 January 2027.

 

– Failure to comply could result in fines of up to AED 100,000, which can be doubled for repeat offences within one year.

 

– Additional sanctions may include suspension, licence revocation, or downgrading of contractor classification.

 

***

 

Afridi & Angell has an extensive construction law practice with expertise across both contentious and non-contentious matters. We provide strategic legal counsel on complex disputes as well as transactional and regulatory aspects of construction projects. ■

DIFC Courts awards rare ‘additional damages’ for the loss suffered due to the defendant’s failure to pay

The DIFC Court, in an immediate judgment issued on 11 July 2025 by Justice Sir Jeremy Cooke in 7Ci Technologies V Liberty Steel Group Holdings EMEA Ltd [2025] DIFC CFI 003, granted the claimant ‘additional damages’ for non-payment, in addition to statutory interest on the basis that the foreseeability standard was met, and that the non-payment caused a greater loss. The general remedy for non-payment, as set out in Articles 17(1) and (2) of the DIFC Law of Damages[1], is for the aggrieved party to be awarded interest at the average bank short-term lending rate available to prime borrowers:

 

Article 17 Interest for failure to pay Money

 

(1) If a party does not pay a sum of Money when it due, the aggrieved party is entitled to interest upon that sum from the time when payment is due to the time of payment, whether or not the nonpayment is excused.

 

(2) The rate of interest shall be the average bank short-term lending rate to prime borrowers prevailing for the currency of payment at the place for of payment.

 

However, Article 17(3) also allows the aggrieved party to be awarded “additional damages if the non-payment caused it a greater loss”, subject to the foreseeability standard of Article 12 of the same law. Article 12 codifies the English law test of foreseeability, as set out in Hadley v Baxendale [1854] EWHC Exch J70:

 

Article 12:

 

The non-performing party is liable only for loss which it foresaw or could reasonably have foreseen at the time of its non-performance as being likely to result therefrom.

 

In a rare instance, the DIFC Courts awarded the claimant additional damages under Article 17(3) for losses arising purely from non-payment of money.

 

HE Justice Sir Jeremy Cooke held that the Claimant in this case demonstrated that the additional damages it suffered, in the form of legal costs incurred as a result of a claim brought by a third-party supplier, were reasonable and foreseeable, and therefore payable by the Defendant:

 

[17]. An examination of the evidence and the exchanges between the parties shows that the Defendant was well aware of the Claimant’s liquidity difficulties and the need for it to pay the Sentinel providers with funds provided by the Defendant. The Claimant, as revealed by the WhatsApp messages, made its position clear and the fear that the absence of payment by the Defendant might cause the Claimant itself to go into insolvency. Its inability to borrow funds and to pay the supplier, and the risk of suit by the supplier, was clearly foreseeable by the Defendant. […]. I conclude that the requirement of foreseeability is met in respect of the costs incurred in settling the supplier’s claim and that, therefore, in addition to interest payable on the sums due, the sum of [legal costs] is recoverable as damages in respect of those legal costs.

 

This case demonstrates the DIFC Courts’ willingness to uphold contractual terms between parties and to ensure that an aggrieved party is put in the same position as it would have been if not for a breach of those terms.

 

Afridi & Angell acted for the successful claimant and instructed Mark Rainsford KC for the hearing. ■

 

[1] DIFC law 7 of 2005.

UAE Increases Regulation of Influencers and Finfluencers: New Rules for Violations and Penalties of Media Content

The influencer and digital content creation industry has witnessed significant growth in the UAE, prompting the introduction of new regulations by UAE authorities. A key piece of legislation in this space is the Media Law (Federal Decree-Law 55/2023), which came into force on 1 December 2023, and its implementing regulations (Cabinet Resolution 68 of 2024), which expand the legal framework beyond traditional media to include content creators, influencers, advertising agencies, and digital platforms. To supplement the Media Law, two new regulations have been issued recently: (i) Cabinet Decision 41/2025 updating the fee structure for media services; and (ii) Cabinet Decision 42/2025 establishing the list of violations and penalties for breaches of the Media Law, both of which came into effect on 29 May 2025.

 

This represents a wider move by the regulators to push for structure and accountability across digital content creation platforms, including the recent regulation of “finfluencers” (i.e., financial influencers) by the Securities and Commodities Authority (SCA) under Decision 10/RM/2025.

 

This inBrief focuses on media content violations and penalties, and the regulation of “finfluencers.”

 

Media Content Violations and Penalties under Cabinet Decision 42 of 2025

 

Notably, this decision applies not only to content creators based in the UAE but to all individuals and entities engaged in media activities across both mainland UAE and its free zones. This includes content creators on social media platforms, influencers, and advertisers. The decision outlines the violations of the Media Law and corresponding penalties across two schedules:

 

1. Schedule 1 targets violations related to the licensing of media activities. For example, advertising without a permit, providing false or misleading information to obtain a license or permit, and violating the conditions of advertising content through social media platforms. Penalties for violations under Schedule 1 range from written warnings to fines up to AED 100,000, with higher penalties applicable for repeat offences.

 

2. Schedule 2 targets a wider list of violations of the “media content standards.” Those violations are classified into three categories and are ranked by severity from first to fourth degree.

 

(i) Category (a): covers eight violations with penalties ranging from AED 30,000 to AED 1,000,000, which include:

 

– disrespecting God, Islam or other religions, the UAE’s regime, its institutions and policies;

 

– publishing content that may harm the foreign relations of the UAE;

 

– publishing content that offends the UAE’s national unity, including the UAE’s legal, economic and judiciary systems; and

 

– inciting sectarian or regional strife, violence, hatred and terrorist acts, or spreading discord and animosity within society.

 

(ii) Category (b): covers five violations with penalties ranging from AED 20,000 to AED 150,000, which includes, among others:

 

– disrespecting the UAE’s culture and heritage, offending community values, or infringing on the privacy and private life of individuals;

 

– publishing content that incites the commission of crimes, including rape, murder, and use of narcotic drugs; and

 

– publishing content that offends the UAE’s national currency or economic status.

 

(iii) Category (c): covers seven violations with penalties ranging from AED 5,000 to AED 100,000, including:

 

– broadcasting, publishing or sharing fake news or rumours, or content/opinions that breach public morals, corrupt the morals of the youth or promote destructive thoughts;

 

– failing to host appropriate individuals for interviews in media outlets;

 

– disrespecting the UAE’s culture, identity or values in advertisements; and

 

– failing to adhere to the age classification requirements for artistic works, and respect children’s rights under UAE legislation.

 

New Committee for Content Oversight

 

A permanent ‘Committee for the Violations of the Media Content Standards’ (the Committee) has been established under the UAE Media Council to oversee and assess violations and penalties. The Committee is responsible for identifying violations of media content standards within the UAE and for enforcing the administrative penalties. Content creators, influencers, or advertisers will be formally notified by the Committee of any violation, and will be given a timeframe to modify or remove the offending content.

 

For violations listed in Schedule 2, the Committee will take into account the impact of the violation when determining the severity of the penalty. A mechanism is available to contest the penalties imposed by the Committee, which may be filed with the UAE Media Council or the competent authority (i.e., local government entity concerned with the licensing of media activities).

 

Regulation of Finfluencers under the SCA Decision 10/RM/2025 (SCA Decision)

 

In parallel, the SCA issued a decision for the regulation of finfluencers’ activities, which came into effect on 21 May 2025. The regulations mandate that finfluencers must register with the SCA before advertising for or conducting any of the financial activities which are covered by the regulations, subject to the conditions outlined under Article 3, which include, among others: to be an independent financial analyst accredited by the SCA, or to hold a CFA certificate and to be an influencer among market traders subject to a specific criterion set out under Article 3(2). Engaging in activities that fall within the scope of the regulations without registration may result in fines or blacklisting by the SCA.

 

The regulations apply to any person registered with the SCA in mainland UAE who provides a financial recommendation to the public, related to domestic or foreign issuers[1], financial products, virtual assets, or financial services inside or outside the UAE. The regulations also apply to issuers and entities licensed by the SCA if they enter into a contract with a finfluencer.

 

In addition to obtaining registration with the SCA, finfluencers’ obligations include disclosure of financial interests and paid partnerships, avoiding misleading or biased content, and distinguishing between facts, opinions, and promotional material. Issuers of financial products and licensed entities are also under an obligation to vet any such content before publication by a finfluencer. The regulations do not apply to the publication of information previously approved by the SCA or persons providing financial recommendations within a UAE financial free zone.

 

Why this matters to content creators, influencers and finfluencers?

 

The message is clear. The UAE expects greater professionalism and accountability from digital content creators as well as finfluencers. These recent changes not only broaden the applicability of the regulations to include digital platforms, social media content creation, and advertising agencies, but also impose strict guidelines and penalties for non-compliance. Influencers, finfluencers, marketing and advertisement teams and digital platforms should seek legal guidance regarding their exposure to liability under the newly implemented regulations. With regulators monitoring and overseeing what is said and how it is said, compliance with applicable regulations is the strongest safeguard. ■

 

[1] Article 1 of the SCA Decision, defines an ‘Issuer’ as “a legal person established inside or outside the State, or within a financial free zone in the State, that offers, issues, or lists financial products within the State or on the market.”

Building a Mediation Culture in the UAE: Key Legal Reforms

The UAE continued its efforts to promote mediation as a form of dispute resolution through Cabinet Decision No. 56 of 2025, which regulates the establishment of private mediation centres and branches of foreign mediation institutions in the UAE. This follows the enactment of Federal Decree Law No. 40 of 2023, the UAE’s first standalone legislation on mediation and conciliation in civil and commercial disputes, and the UAE’s accession to the United Nations Convention on International Settlement Agreements Resulting from Mediation (the Singapore Convention on Mediation) in May 2024.

 

The Law

 

Federal Decree Law No. 40 of 2023:

 

– applies to civil and commercial disputes, unless excluded by law;

 

– does not apply within the UAE’s financial free zones (the DIFC and the ADGM), unless a mediator or mediation centre based in the financial free zone is mediating a dispute that relates to the UAE mainland;

 

– allows for mediation to deal with the subject matter of the dispute as a whole or a part thereof;

 

– allows for mediation to be either voluntary (by agreement) or court-directed during litigation;

 

– encourages frank discourse and good faith attempts at settlement by ensuring that the statements, proposals, admissions, documents, and information disclosed or exchanged during the mediation process are strictly confidential and cannot be disclosed in any subsequent contested proceedings, except in limited circumstances; and

 

– provides that settlement agreements reached through mediation, once ratified by a court, are enforceable as judgments of the court.

 

Criminal, labour, rental, and personal status disputes, urgent or interim orders and matters of public order cannot be the subject of mediation conducted under the mediation and conciliation centres established under the law. However, it preserves the parties’ right to seek urgent or interim judicial relief from the competent court.

 

The Cabinet Decision

 

Cabinet Decision No. 56 of 2025 regulates the licensing of private mediation centres and branches of foreign mediation centres in the UAE, but does not apply to private mediation centres and foreign branches that are licensed to operate in the financial free zones, unless they conduct their activities outside the financial free zone. Key requirements for licensing include:

 

– obtaining prior approval from a committee within the Ministry of Justice or local judicial authority;

 

– obtaining a license from the Competent Authority in each Emirate;

 

– establishing an independent office with adequate IT systems and insurance cover;

 

– appointing a qualified Director with legal or mediation experience; and

 

– maintaining both a public register of mediators and an internal electronic register.

 

Additionally, a foreign mediation centre wishing to establish a branch in the UAE must also provide proof that it has provided mediation services for at least five years at the time of submitting the application to open a branch in the UAE.

 

Why it matters to businesses

 

Mediation is increasingly recognised as an effective means of dispute resolution, not only due to its cost-efficiency, but also in terms of preserving relationships between commercial parties, which often deteriorate in the course of contentious litigation or arbitration proceedings. Until recently, the absence of a legal framework supporting mediation deterred certain parties from opting for mediation, particularly due to the lack of legal safeguards regarding confidentiality of information submitted in the course of mediation and its use in subsequent legal proceedings, should mediation fail. Following the legislative developments set out above, the UAE now has a robust legal framework for mediation, and with the Cabinet Decision clarifying the requirements to establish mediation centres (and branches of foreign mediation centres) in the UAE, one hopes that parties will soon have access to experienced mediators in the UAE.

 

However, it is important for parties to bear in mind that mediation is not appropriate for the resolution of all disputes, and contracts providing for alternative dispute resolution mechanisms such as mediation must be carefully drafted. For example, mandatory mediation may not be effective where the relationship between the parties has irretrievably eroded, and having a provision for mandatory mediation may only serve to delay the parties in getting to a final resolution of their dispute. Provision for optional mediation (bearing in mind that parties may voluntarily agree to mediation during the course of most adversarial proceedings), on balance, appears to be a better approach. ■

Shipping (UAE chapter), Lexology Panoramic

This multi-jurisdictional reference guide features a UAE chapter, authored by Chatura Randeniya (partner), Mevan Bandara (partner) and Noran Al Mekhlafi (associate), and provides local insights into newbuilding contracts; ship registration and mortgages; limitation of liability; port state control; classification societies; collision, salvage, wreck removal and pollution; ship arrest; judicial sale of vessels, carriage of goods by sea and bills of lading; shipping emissions; ship recycling; jurisdiction and dispute resolution; international conventions; and recent trends.

 

Other jurisdictions covered by the guide include Australia, Brazil, China, Cyprus, Ecuador, Egypt, Germany, Ghana, India, Indonesia, Israel, Italy, Japan, Malta, Netherlands, New Zealand, Nigeria, Norway, Portugal, Singapore, South Korea, Taiwan, Tunisia, Turkey, and the United States.

Reform of Dispute Settlement in Dubai: Decision No. (4) of 2025 on the Jurisdiction of the Centre for Amicable Settlement of Disputes

Advancing Dispute Resolution in Dubai: Strengthening ADR for a More
Inclusive Legal Future:

 

Alternative Dispute Resolution (“ADR”) has become a cornerstone of
modern legal systems, offering faster, more cost-effective, and flexible
pathways for resolving disputes outside traditional court structures. In
keeping with this global trend, Dubai established the Centre for Amicable
Settlement of Disputes (the “Centre”) under Law No. 16 of 2009, aiming to
promote consensual dispute resolution and reduce the burden on the
judiciary.

 

Reflecting the rising significance of ADR and a continued drive for
procedural reform, the President of Dubai Courts issued Decision No. (4) of
2025 (the “Decision”), published on 26 March 2025. This Decision repeals
and replaces Decision No. (8) of 2022 and introduces a more refined
jurisdictional framework for the Centre. It also signals a broader legislative
intent to promote social justice by enhancing access to dispute resolution
mechanisms for people of determination, senior citizens, and economically
vulnerable groups.

 

This inBrief outlines the main features of Decision No. (4) of 2025, with
particular focus on the jurisdictional reallocation of estate-related property
disputes, the harmonisation of legal terminology across related legislative
instruments, the introduction of new restrictions on expert appointment
applications prior to litigation, the enhancement of procedural safeguards
for vulnerable groups, and the implications of limiting party autonomy in
selecting alternative dispute resolution pathways.

 

Key Highlights of Decision No. (4) of 2025

 

1. Jurisdictional Shift in Estate-Related Property Disputes

 

A major development under the Decision is the removal of the Centre’s
jurisdiction over estate-related property disputes. Specifically, Article 1(1)
excludes disputes involving the subdivision of co-owned undivided property
where such issues are tied to estate matters. This adjustment aligns with
Decree No. (25) of 2023, which established the Probate Court and granted it
exclusive authority over estate-related claims, including those concerning
co-owned property.

 

This jurisdictional transfer consolidates estate litigation within a specialised
forum that is better equipped to handle the sensitive nature of family and inheritance disputes. The Probate Court’s innovative procedural tools and
focused mandate are intended to preserve familial harmony while resolving
complex legal issues efficiently.

 

2. Harmonisation of Legal Terminology

 

The Decision reaffirms the Centre’s authority to ratify conciliation
agreements, regardless of the claim’s value—a principle retained from the
previous 2022 Decision. However, the language has been updated to reflect
terminology used in Law No. (18) of 2021 Regulating Conciliation in the
Emirate of Dubai. This alignment promotes greater legal consistency and
clarity, particularly in defining a “Conciliation Agreement” as one reached
under the guidance of a Conciliator following the procedures laid out by
law.

 

This terminological harmonisation ensures coherence across legislative
instruments, facilitating smoother legal interpretation and application.

 

3. Narrowing the Scope of Expert Appointment Applications

 

The Decision introduces clearer conditions for the Centre’s jurisdiction over
expert appointment requests prior to litigation. Now, such applications are
only accepted if:

 

– The dispute falls within the jurisdiction of Dubai Courts

– The matter is not already pending before a court

– The issue has not been previously adjudicated

 

These restrictions are a departure from the broader scope under the 2022
Decision, which permitted expert appointments without such limitations.
The Centre previously rejected jurisdictional objections, such as those
based on arbitration clauses, on the grounds that applications for the
appointment of an expert do not constitute formal substantive claims. As
such, these applications were considered not to affect jurisdictional
objections, which could instead be raised once a substantive case was
formally filed before the court.

 

Based on the Decision, the Centre can no longer entertain expert requests
for disputes subject to arbitration clauses or those already before the
courts. While the goal is to streamline case flow and eliminate duplication,
this change may limit access to neutral, pre-litigation expert assessments—
often crucial for parties seeking early clarity. We will have to wait and see
how the Centre will practically address this situation in order to have a
definitive answer.

 

4. Expanded Jurisdiction to Protect Vulnerable Groups

 

The Decision expands the Centre’s jurisdiction to include specific categories
of vulnerable individuals. These include disputes involving Emirati citizens
aged 60 and above, provided the claim value does not exceed AED 1,000,000;
cases where one of the parties is a person with a disability; and matters
involving female beneficiaries of financial assistance under Law No. (7) of
2012.

 

These reforms signal a clear legislative intent to enhance access to justice
for communities that may face legal and procedural barriers. By explicitly
prioritising the needs of the elderly, people of determination, and
economically disadvantaged women, the law promotes inclusivity, fairness,
and social equity in legal processes.

 

5. Restriction of Party Autonomy in Referring Disputes

 

One of the more notable changes in the 2025 Decision is the removal of the parties’ ability to jointly refer disputes to the Centre, even if the dispute fell outside its formal jurisdiction. This flexibility, previously allowed under Decision No. (8) of 2022, is no longer available.

 

Now, access to the Centre is limited to cases where a conciliation agreement already exists and is submitted for ratification. While it may be aimed at procedural clarity, it restricts parties’ autonomy to voluntarily opt for ADR through the Centre, potentially narrowing the avenues for early dispute resolution.

 

Conclusion

 

Decision No. (4) of 2025 reflects Dubai’s continued efforts to modernise and strengthen its dispute resolution infrastructure. By refining jurisdictional boundaries, unifying legal terminology, and offering increased protections for vulnerable groups, the Emirate demonstrates a forward-looking commitment to justice that is both efficient and inclusive.

 

While some changes, such as restrictions on expert appointments and the removal of mutual referral flexibility, may limit certain procedural options, they also aim to streamline access to the appropriate forums and promote clarity in ADR processes. Overall, the Decision signifies a new chapter in the evolution of ADR in Dubai, reinforcing the Emirate’s role as a progressive legal hub in the region. ■

Deportation in the UAE: General overview and the impact of Dubai Resolution No. (1) of 2025

Deportation refers to the formal removal of an individual or group from a state’s sovereign territory by order of the competent authorities. While definitions may vary by jurisdiction, deportation generally serves as a state mechanism to protect public welfare, safety, or national interests. The term “deportee” typically refers to a person who has been subjected to a deportation order. Though deportation is not unique to the United Arab Emirates (UAE)—as it is also widely implemented in jurisdictions such as the United States (US) and the United Kingdom (UK)—its practice in the UAE follows a distinct legal framework. This article explores the classifications of deportation in the UAE, whether it is mandatory or discretionary, and the mechanisms for its removal. It also assesses the implications of the recently enacted Dubai Resolution No. (1) of 2025 issued by Dubai Ruler, which reestablishes and expands the jurisdiction of the Tribunal for the Review of the Execution of Deportation Judgments and Travel Ban Orders, applicable exclusively within the Emirate of Dubai.

 

Legal Classifications of Deportation in the UAE

 

Deportation in the UAE is categorised as either judicial or administrative:

 

  • Judicial Deportation: Ordered by courts under various laws, most notably Federal Decree Law No. (31) of 2021 (the Penal Code) and Federal Decree Law No. (30) of 2021 on Narcotic Drugs and Psychotropic Substances (the Drug Law). Judicial deportation can be:

 

  • Mandatory: Required by law in specific cases. For example, Article 126(1) of the Penal Code mandates the deportation of any foreigner sentenced to a custodial penalty for a felony. Similarly, the Drug Law mandates deportation for foreigners convicted under its provisions.

 

  • Discretionary: Permitted but not required. Article 126(2) of the Penal Code allows courts to order deportation for misdemeanour convictions or as an alternative penalty. Article 75 of the Drug Law also permits discretionary deportation in cases involving personal drug use or possession.

 

  • Administrative Deportation: Enforced by the Federal Authority for Identity and Citizenship (ICP), this type of deportation may be ordered on grounds of public interest, national security, or public morals. It does not require a court conviction.

 

Removal of Deportation Orders

 

Whether judicial or administrative, deportation orders can be subject to cancellation or suspension under certain conditions:

 

  • Administrative Deportation may be revoked through an application submitted to the General Directorate of Residency and Foreigners Affairs (GDRFA) in the related Emirate. The application must include compelling legal grounds and supporting documentation.

 

  • Judicial Deportation requires a separate application submitted via the public prosecution portal.

 

In both cases, the reviewing authority will assess factors such as the risk of human rights violations in the deportee’s home country or other humanitarian concerns.

 

The Tribunal for the Review of Deportation and Travel Ban Orders

 

Dubai originally established a specialised tribunal under Resolution No. (7) of 2007, which allowed for the temporary suspension of final deportation and travel ban orders. However, that resolution was repealed and replaced by Resolution No. (1) of 2025, which not only reinstates the Tribunal but significantly expands its powers.

 

The Tribunal retains jurisdiction only in cases involving both a final deportation judgment and order and a travel ban. If no travel ban exists, the Tribunal lacks jurisdiction, as outlined in Article (2) of the 2007 Resolution and Article (3) of the 2025 Resolution.

 

Key differences between the two resolutions include:

 

  • Under Resolution No. (7), the Tribunal was authorised solely to suspend deportation orders for a fixed period.

 

  • Resolution No. (1), by contrast, allows for indefinite or extended suspension, since Article (4) (A/1) does not impose a strict time limit.

 

  • The 2025 Resolution empowers the Tribunal to cancel travel bans and authorise temporary release of deportees with appropriate guarantees.

 

These expanded powers represent a notable shift toward broader judicial discretion in managing deportation and travel ban enforcement.

 

Balancing Public and Private Interests

 

The underlying rationale for both Resolutions is to strike a balance between individual rights, creditors’ interests, and public safety. In many cases, individuals subject to deportation are also under travel bans due to outstanding debts or legal claims. Enforcing deportation without resolving these claims could result in significant financial harm to creditors. Conversely, indefinite delay in deportation could compromise public safety.

 

The Tribunal plays a mediating role by ensuring deportees can fulfil their financial obligations before removal—through temporary release or suspension of deportation—without jeopardising public interest. These measures help uphold principles of fairness, due process, and proportionality in enforcement decisions.

 

Conclusion

 

Deportation remains a powerful tool available to states to uphold public order and national interest. In the UAE, this measure is governed by a structured legal framework distinguishing between mandatory and discretionary deportation, as well as judicial and administrative procedures for its removal.

 

The enactment of Resolution No. (1) of 2025 marks a significant evolution in Dubai’s approach to deportation, offering more flexible judicial oversight through the Tribunal. This development reflects a broader commitment to safeguarding individual rights while maintaining community safety and ensuring that deportation orders do not undermine the legitimate interests of creditors.

 

Ultimately, by introducing avenues for judicial review and expanding the scope of the Tribunal’s authority, the Resolution enhances legal certainty and fairness in deportation proceedings and reaffirms the UAE’s commitment to a balanced, rights-respecting legal system. ■

Dubai Executive Council Resolution No. 11 of 2025: Expanding Free Zone Opportunities

The Dubai Government has introduced Dubai Executive Council Resolution No. 11 of 2025 (Resolution), marking a significant advancement aimed at enhancing economic growth and offering greater business flexibility for Dubai free zone entities (Entities). The Resolution offers new opportunities for Entities to operate in mainland Dubai subject to meeting certain regulatory requirements.

 

Scope of the Resolution

 

The Resolution applies to all Entities that intend to conduct business activities outside of their respective free zone on Dubai’s mainland, except for financial institutions licensed by the Dubai International Financial Centre.

 

Prior to the introduction of the Resolution, Entities were only permitted to conduct their business from within the boundaries of their relevant free zone. Entities whose business required them to operate onshore in Dubai were therefore necessitated to contract with a third-party agent, register a branch or incorporate a separate onshore presence. Of course, the establishment of an onshore branch or company came with additional compliance requirements, the expense of maintaining premises within the Emirate of Dubai and also capital requirements (in the case of an onshore company).

 

Under the Resolution, Entities may apply to the Dubai Department of Economy and Tourism (DET) for one of three types of licence/permit:

 

License Type

Requirements

Fees (AED)

Validity of License

Branch of an entity

Existing requirements to register an onshore branch to be followed.

As per existing requirements

One year

Branch of an Entity with its headquarters in the relevant free zone.

- Submission of the required documentation of the Entity to the DET.

- Approval of the DET.

- Approval of any other relevant UAE authority which regulates the activities of the Entity.

10,000

One year

Temporary permit for the Entity to practice certain activities onshore in Dubai

- Submission of the required documentation of the Entity to the DET.

- Approval of the DET.

- Approval of any other relevant UAE authority which regulates the activities of the Entity.

5,000

Six months

 

Additional Considerations

 

– The Resolution mandates that the DET, in collaboration with the relevant licensing authorities, shall publish a list of the economic activities that an Entity may carry out onshore in Dubai within six months from the effective date of the Resolution (i.e. by 3 September 2025). The economic activities will depend on which of the three licence options (see above) an Entity applies for.

 

– Any Entity that wishes to operate onshore in Dubai must comply with the relevant federal and local rules and regulations for the activity it wishes to practice. Consequently, Entities will need to ensure that they keep abreast of legislation and developments applicable to it both within the relevant free zone and onshore in Dubai.

 

– Under the Resolution, Entities which are permitted to operate in mainland Dubai must maintain separate financial records for their operations conducted in mainland Dubai. This also links into the tax treatment of these arrangements as it implies that the standard 9% corporate tax rate will apply in respect of the onshore business of the Entity (unless the income is otherwise exempt). This is in comparison to the 0% corporate tax rate offered to qualifying Dubai free zone companies on qualifying income.

 

– The Resolution sets out a one-year transitional period during which Entities currently operating outside of their free zone in the Emirate of Dubai must comply with the provisions of the Resolution.

 

Strategic Advantages

 

– Direct engagement in government contracts and onshore business activities without intermediary involvement.

 

– Reduced administrative overhead and financial burden associated with setting up a separate mainland entity.

 

– Enhanced market accessibility, fostering direct relationships with consumers and business partners.

 

The Resolution is expected to promote economic growth and business flexibility in Dubai. Entities should evaluate their current corporate structure in light of this Resolution to ensure that they capitalise upon the advantages of now being able to operate onshore in Dubai from a Dubai free zone in a more flexible manner. ■